Recent Findings:

We systematically searched different databases in September 2023 for longitudinal studies conducted to assess the contribution of MQ to well-established cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. Two independent researchers screened studies and carried out data extraction and quality assessment of included ones. From 12175 potential studies screened, 40 were included. The presence of significant heterogeneity in methodology, follow-up, and subsequent effect estimates made it unfeasible to do a meta-analysis. Despite the variation, most studies found a significant association of negative MQ measures with physical inactivity, high levels of smoking and alcohol use, increased metabolic syndrome risk, elevated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk and poor T2DM management, elevated cardiovascular disease risk and progression, increased body weight and obesity risk, elevated blood pressure and hypertension risk. Positive MQ measures were mainly associated with improvement in blood pressure control, reduced T2DM risk and its good management, reduced body weight and obesity risk, and increased survival in cardiovascular diseases.

Summary:

Based on current evidence, MQ seems to play a crucial role in developing established cardiovascular risk factors and diseases and is worth considering in preventive strategies.